Tensile structure of a house on Earth and in space

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Biomorphism in the 21st century.

Suspended house "Solaris".

Technologies and Sustainability of 4D Suspended Houses B. Fuller.

In 1927, Fuller's youngest daughter, Alexander, died of polio and spinal meningitis. Fuller contemplated suicide, but in the end decided to devote his life to an experiment to find out what is possible without a penny, an unknown person can change the world. The death of his daughter prompted him to design houses with a high level of sanitation and cleanliness from various viruses. “In total, the house weighed 3 tons and provided 140 sq. M. living space. The mechanics of the house consisted in the use of diagonal stretching and horizontal compression (similar to a bicycle wheel) based on resiliently flexible spring wire elements.

The mast of 6 support pipes and screw piles acts as a support for the mesh shell suspended from the top of the mast. The building elements were suspended from above, rather than supported by supports from below, as in most residential buildings. Their load-bearing system was very similar to that of a suspension bridge, the design is as optimal as possible, ensuring the stability and strength of a building that did not require other supports and heavy foundations.

The house was designed so that it could be bought for the same price as a car. The building was conceived as a small one-family house for mass production. The house is designed in such a way that no part weighs more than 5 kg, and its assembly was possible for three people.

All life consists of drops of different sizes with varying degrees of asymmetry.

A translucent multi-layer fabric membrane and a spring wire mesh shell provide protection from heat, cold and flooding.

Such a house provides a person with the best opportunities to control his biological rhythms, heat and light.

The highest energy consumption for heating is observed in single-storey buildings, the lowest in multi-storey buildings. The Solaris house project has three floors. The constructive system allows to make it 30 floors high.

The most energy efficient form than the egg shape does not exist in nature, so recently many people prefer to build domed houses.

The Solaris house is highly resistant to wind, snow, earthquakes and floods due to the fact that all structural elements are resilient and flexible, and the nodes are hinged and spring-loaded, so the structure of the house is able to change shape. without destruction.

The main criteria for the quality of the project are the minimum weight, stability, price, ease and speed of installation in difficult conditions.

To reduce the weight and price of the Solaris house, elastic-flexible structural elements and spring steel assemblies are used.

The use of steel spring wire ensures high structural strength and low weight.

The spiral technology of the three-dimensional rotation of the spring wire loops and the tensile operation of the shells reduces the weight of the nodes and structures of the gridshells.

Examples of the spiral technology of manufacturing elastic-flexible shell elements are described in the patent for the invention "Folding frame of the gridshell", RF patent No. 2597417.

The spiral technology is different: no waste, eliminates welding and drilling, is quiet, requires a minimum of equipment and energy, a minimum of production space and labour.

Knots - springs have the strength of spring steel and allow the structure of the house to withstand maximum loads and to absorb shock loads from earthquakes and hurricanes.

The living shell of the house suspended above the ground is not afraid of flooding.

A multilayer sealed membrane covering made of synthetic fabric is capable of elastic covering the mesh frame of the shell without folds or sagging.

The covering membrane can be used for the construction of suspended houses in all climatic zones.

The thickness of the thermal insulation of the Solaris house depends on the length of the hinged threaded rods in the attachment points of the shell elements that fix the position of the film layers.

Transparent coated inserts allow light to pass through, minimising the need for artificial lighting.

Shading inside the Solaris home is done with curtains and screens such as fleece and coloured prints.

The ventilation of the house is due to a system of ventilation valves inside and on the surface of the membrane and along the central support. The support is held together by a prefabricated spiral staircase made of wood and steel fasteners.

In the centre there is a stacked chimney and plays the role of a heat battery.

Unlike the closest analogue of Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion 4D House project, the Solaris house, it is a mesh shell with a folding grid frame with spring hinges and a translucent film and fabric covering.

In contrast to the geodesic dome, the mesh shell has a collapsible, collapsible frame, which is more mobile and compact during transportation.

The foldable mesh shell has spring hinges, which eliminates waste in their production, significantly reduces installation time, makes the nodes lighter and stronger, more be able to deform elastically and take the optimal position in accordance with the design curvature of the shell surface during installation.

This is especially true in hard-to-reach places, due to the fact that all building structures for new buildings are delivered mainly by air, therefore their weight and reliability are so important.

The price for spring steels with high tensile strength is 20-50% more expensive than conventional steels.

The use of high-quality spring steel allows to reduce the weight of the mesh shells and, as a result, their price.

The calculation ensures the selection of the optimal options for the curvature of the shell by optimising the Chebyshev mesh by choosing the height and diameter of the spatial mesh of the shell, which, when the house is installed, is transformed into the Delaunay triangular shape.

All diagonal elements of the Chebyshev net spring wire are of the same length. Structural scheme - mesh shell and ceilings are fixed on supports connected by a spiral staircase.

The supports are made of steel pipes and screw piles.

The shell is pivotally attached to the support to the steel ring of the upper connection of the supports.

The diagonal elements of the frame are made of spring wire with a diameter of 3 mm with equal-strength fastening loops along the length and at the ends. The hinges are interconnected by threaded studs and nuts.

Horizontal belts are made of double paired parallel elements of spring wire and polypropylene pipes with a diameter of 40 mm.